COMPUTER TERMS IN ENGLISH AND TONGAN

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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and act like humans. This includes abilities like learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding.  AI systems achieve this by using algorithms, data, and computational power to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.  

 What AI does:

• Learning: AI systems can learn from data, identify patterns, and improve their performance over time. 
• Reasoning: AI can use logic and rules to draw conclusions and make decisions. 
• Problem-solving: AI can analyze situations, identify challenges, and develop solutions. 
• Perception: AI can "see" and interpret images, understand spoken language, and interact with the environment. 
• Language Understanding: AI can process and understand human language, enabling applications like chatbots and language translation. 

How AI works:

• Machine Learning: A core component of AI, machine learning allows systems 
• Deep Learning: A subset of machine learning that uses large neural networks to analyze vast amounts of data and identify complex patterns. to learn from data without being explicitly programmed.
• Neural Networks: These are systems of interconnected units that process information, inspired by the structure of the human brain.

Examples of AI in use:

• Virtual assistants: Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant use AI to understand voice commands and provide information. 
• Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots handle customer service inquiries and provide support. 
• Self-driving cars: AI enables vehicles to navigate and operate without human intervention. 
• Medical diagnosis: AI can analyze medical images to detect diseases and assist in diagnosis. 
• Fraud detection: AI systems identify fraudulent transactions in banking and finance. 

1. Operating System (OS): Manages computer hardware and software.
2. Application Software: Programs designed for specific tasks (e.g., word processors, games).
3. Operating System (OS): Manages computer hardware and software.
4. Web Browser: Software for accessing the internet.
5. Software: Programs that run on a computer.
6. File: A collection of data stored under a name.
7. Folder: Used to organize files.
8. Program: A set of instructions for the computer to follow.
9. Code: The instructions that make up a program.
10. Algorithm: A set of steps to solve a problem.
11. Compiler: Translates human-readable code into machine code.
12. Interpreter: Executes code line by line.
13. Virus: Malicious software that can damage or steal data.
14. Antivirus: Software to protect against viruses.
15. Firewall: Protects against unauthorized network access.
16. Driver: Software that allows hardware to communicate with the OS.
17. Database: Organized collection of data.
18. Spreadsheet: Software for organizing and analyzing data in rows and columns.
19. Word Processor: Software for creating and editing text documents.
20. Graphic Design Software: Programs for creating visual content.
21. Video Editing Software: Programs for creating and editing videos.
22. Gaming Software: Programs for playing games.
23. Cloud Computing: Using online resources instead of local storage.
24. Backup: A copy of data for recovery purposes.
25. Encryption: Converting data into a secret code. 

1.   Internet: Global network of interconnected computer networks.
2. World Wide Web (WWW): A system of linked documents on the internet.
3. URL (Uniform Resource Locator): A web address.
4. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Protocol for transferring data on the web.
5. HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure): Secure version of HTTP.
6. IP Address: Unique numerical address of a device on a network.
7. Domain Name: Human-readable name for a website (e.g., google.com).
8. DNS (Domain Name System): Translates domain names into IP addresses.
9. Email: Electronic mail.
10. Spam: Unsolicited or unwanted email.
11. Phishing: Attempt to steal sensitive information through deceptive emails or websites.
12. Firewall: A security system 

1.   Cybersecurity: The practice of protecting systems, networks, and data from cyberattacks.
2. Information Security: Protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information.
3. Access Control: Mechanisms that restrict access to resources.
4. Authentication: Verifying user identity.
5. Authorization: Granting access based on identity.
6. Encryption: Securing data by transforming it into an unreadable format.
7. Decryption: Restoring encrypted data to its original form.
8. Hashing: Converting data into a fixed-length value for comparison.
9. Firewall: A security system that controls network traffic.
10. Intrusion Detection System (IDS): Monitors network activity for malicious behavior.
11. Intrusion Prevention System (IPS): Blocks detected threats.
12. Vulnerability: A weakness that can be exploited by attackers.
13. Patch: A fix for a software vulnerability.
14. Zero-day Exploit: Exploiting a vulnerability before a patch is available.
15. Penetration Testing: Simulating cyberattacks to identify vulnerabilities.
16. Incident Response: The process of handling security breaches.
17. Business Continuity Plan: A plan to maintain operations during disruptions.
18. Risk Management: Identifying and mitigating potential threats.
19. Compliance: Adhering to regulations and standards.
20. Data Breach: Unauthorized access to sensitive information. 

1.   Malware: Malicious software designed to harm systems.
2. Virus: Malware that spreads by attaching to other files.
3. Worm: Malware that replicates itself and spreads across networks.
4. Trojan Horse: Malware disguised as legitimate software.
5. Ransomware: Malware that encrypts files and demands a ransom for decryption.
6. Spyware: Malware that secretly gathers user information.
7. Adware: Malware that displays unwanted advertisements.
8. Rootkit: Malware that gains administrator-level access to a system.
9. Keylogger: Malware that records keystrokes.
10. Botnet: A network of compromised computers controlled by an attacker.
11. Fileless Malware: Malware that operates in memory without writing to disk. 

1.   Phishing: Deceptive attempts to steal sensitive information.
2. Spear Phishing: Targeted phishing attack on specific individuals or organizations.
3. Whaling: Phishing attacks aimed at high-level executives.
4. Social Engineering: Manipulating people to reveal information.
5. Denial-of-Service (DoS): Overwhelming a system with traffic.
6. Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS): DoS attack using multiple compromised systems.
7. Brute Force Attack: Attempting to guess passwords.
8. SQL Injection: Exploiting vulnerabilities in database queries.
9. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): Injecting malicious scripts into websites.
10. Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attack: Intercepting communication between two parties.
11. Clickjacking: Deceiving users into clicking on malicious elements.
12. Deepfake: Falsified media using AI.
13. Data Breach: Unauthorized access to sensitive data.
14. Insider Threat: Threat from individuals within an organization.
15. Advanced Persistent Threat (APT): Prolonged and targeted cyberattacks.
16. Zero-day Exploit: Exploiting a vulnerability before it's patched.
17. Cryptojacking: Using a computer without authorization to mine cryptocurrency.
18. Cyberbullying: Using electronic communication to bully or harass.
19. Shadow IT: Use of unsanctioned technology within an organization.